Understanding this cancer
Breast cancer is a group of diseases in which abnormal cells develop in breast tissue. Pathology commonly records hormone-receptor and HER2 status because these findings can influence treatment. Stage and overall health also matter.
Signs to discuss with a doctor
A new breast or underarm lump, change in size or shape, skin dimpling, nipple change or discharge, redness, swelling or persistent focal pain should be assessed. Many breast changes are benign, but a new change needs evaluation.
Risk factors
Risk is influenced by age, inherited variants such as BRCA1/2, family history, previous chest radiation, reproductive and hormonal factors, alcohol, excess body weight after menopause and physical inactivity. Most patients have no single identifiable cause.
Tests and diagnosis
Evaluation can include clinical examination, mammography, ultrasound or MRI, followed by biopsy when indicated. Pathology confirms the diagnosis and receptor status. Imaging and other tests are selected according to symptoms and stage.
Treatment approaches
Treatment may involve breast-conserving surgery or mastectomy, lymph-node assessment, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, HER2-directed therapy, other targeted medicines or immunotherapy. The sequence depends on subtype and stage.
Prevention and screening
Healthy weight, regular activity and limiting alcohol may reduce risk. Screening recommendations differ by age and risk. People with a strong family history should ask about genetic counselling and an individualized screening plan.
Questions for your care team
What are the stage, grade and receptor results? Is genetic testing relevant? Is treatment needed before surgery? What fertility, reconstruction, lymphoedema and long-term follow-up issues should I discuss?