Understanding this cancer
Cervical cancer develops in the cervix and is usually linked to persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). Screening can identify precancerous changes before cancer develops.
Signs to discuss with a doctor
Bleeding after sex, between periods or after menopause, unusual watery or bloody discharge, pelvic pain or pain during sex should be assessed. Early disease may cause no symptoms.
Risk factors
Persistent high-risk HPV is the main cause. Tobacco, immune suppression and lack of screening increase risk. HPV is common; infection does not mean cancer will develop.
Tests and diagnosis
Abnormal screening is followed by colposcopy and biopsy when indicated. Confirmed cancer is staged using examination and selected imaging such as MRI, CT or PET/CT.
Treatment approaches
Precancer can often be treated locally. Invasive cancer treatment may include surgery, external-beam radiotherapy with brachytherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy or targeted therapy depending on stage and prior treatment.
Prevention and screening
HPV vaccination and regular HPV-based or cytology screening substantially reduce risk. Screening remains important after vaccination according to national guidance.
Questions for your care team
What is the stage? Is fertility preservation possible and safe? Will brachytherapy be part of treatment? How will ovarian, bladder, bowel and sexual health be supported?